ABSTRACT
Abstract The breakdown of German psychiatry with the coming to power of the National Socialist regime in 1933 resulted in a revival after the war of bioethical issues, the immediate effect of which was the enactment of the Nuremberg Code. In many ways, this breakdown was the result of the historical evolution of psychomedical knowledge and the mass dissemination of reductionist discourses and ideas that created a breeding ground for tragedy. The cyclical discourse of psychic materialism, which has been repeated for centuries in the history of science in different formulations, can, if not properly interpreted, lead to far-reaching appropriations and risks, to which due attention must be paid. The latest manifestation of this issue, the view of mental life as basically cerebral, neurological, biochemical, and determinist, a view that has not been managed or presented adequately to the public, could become the basis for perverse new perspectives and applications in the current context of research and academic activity.
Resumen La llamada "quiebra" de la psiquiatría alemana en 1933, tras la llegada al poder del régimen nacionalsocialista, tuvo como resultado una reactivación de la cuestión bioética, cuyo efecto inmediato fue la promulgación del famoso Código de Nuremberg. En más de un sentido, tal ruptura fue el resultado del devenir histórico del conocimiento psicomédico, así como de la difusión masiva de discursos e ideas reduccionistas que terminaron por generar un caldo de cultivo propicio para la tragedia. El discurso cíclico del materialismo psíquico, que se reedita en la historia de la ciencia, en diferentes formatos y formulaciones, desde hace siglos, no bien interpretado, puede inducir apropiaciones y riesgos de largo alcance a los que se debe prestar la debida atención. Así, el último episodio de este asunto, la visión de la vida mental como vida básicamente cerebral, neurológica, bioquímica y determinista, no bien gestionado y presentado a la opinión pública, aunado a las condiciones actuales de la actividad investigadora y académica, podría convertirse en piedra angular de nuevas perspectivas y aplicaciones perversas de este asunto.
ABSTRACT
We present a quantitative analysis of the thermodynamic stabilities of Mn(II) complexes, defined by the equilibrium constants (logâ¯KMnL values) and the values of pMn obtained as -log[Mn]free for total metal and ligand concentrations of 1 and 10 µM, respectively. We used structural descriptors to analyze the contributions to complex stability of different structural motifs in a quantitative way. The experimental log KMnL and pMn values can be predicted to a good accuracy by adding the contributions of the different motifs present in the ligand structure. This allowed for the identification of features that provide larger contributions to complex stability, which will be very helpful for the design of efficient chelators for Mn(II) complexation. This issue is particularly important to develop Mn(II) complexes for medical applications, for instance, as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. The analysis performed here also indicates that coordination number eight is more common for Mn(II) than is generally assumed, with the highest logâ¯KMnL values generally observed for hepta- and octadentate ligands. The X-ray crystal structure of [Mn2(DOTA)(H2O)2], in which eight-coordinate [Mn(DOTA)]2- units are bridged by six-coordinate exocyclic Mn(II) ions, is also reported.
Subject(s)
Coordination Complexes , Manganese , Contrast Media/chemistry , Coordination Complexes/chemistry , Ligands , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Manganese/chemistry , ThermodynamicsABSTRACT
René Descartes encarna el espíritu contradictorio de la modernidad, no solo por encontrarse atrapado entre la filosofía idealista y la ciencia materialista, o entre el cuerpo y el alma, sino también porque tal vez consideró que no existía contradicción de fondo en ello. Su obra trató de aunar lo que estimó valioso de entre lo antiguo y lo nuevo, dando lugar a un planteamiento psicoantropológico y neuroanatómico extravagante en el que todas las opciones y posturas son posibles porque, de un modo u otro, todas quedan salvaguardadas: desde el mecanicismo más estricto al psicologicismo más animista. Podría afirmarse, de hecho, que buena parte del trabajo de sus sucesores, no solo en materia neurocientífica, aunque sea este ámbito el objeto específico de este artículo, consistió en un análisis y evaluación sistemáticas de las propuestas cartesianas en busca de un marco teórico productivo para la ciencia y la filosofía contemporáneas. En el caso de la neuropsicología, solo comenzó a lograrse mediado el siglo XIX. (AU)
René Descartes embodies the contradictory spirit of Modernity because was trapped between the idealistic philosophy and the materialist science, or between the body and the soul, but at the same time because he considered that there was no contradiction in that point of view. His work tried to connect what he considered valuable from the old proposals and the new advances. The result is an extravagant psycho-anthropological and neuroanatomic approach in which all options and positions are possible because, in one way or another, all were protected and reflected: from the idea of the Machine-Man to the animistic psychologism. In fact, a good part of the work of his successors, not only in neuroscientific matters, although this area is the specific object of this article, was a systematic analysis and evaluation of the Cartesian proposals in the search of a productive theoretical framework for Science and Philosophy. In Neuropsychology, it only began to be possible in the middle of 19th Century. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Neurophysiology , Philosophy , NeuropsychologyABSTRACT
La comprensión de la conciencia ha sido durante siglos uno de los caballos de batalla del devenir intelectual, en tanto contexto en el que se han definido y redefinido las diferentes percepciones socioculturales, científicas, filosóficas e ideológicas del ser humano. Lejos de tratarse de un problema superado, se trata de una cuestión que, reformulada una y otra vez, en distintos ámbitos y contextos, retorna sin cesar al epicentro del debate intelectual, dadas sus consecuencias epistémicas y necesariamente éticas. En este trabajo se trata de mostrar cómo tal debate y sus posturas se alimentan de una percepción que se estima "anticuada" del problema, al afrontarlo desde una óptica esencialista (cifrada sobre un modelo de pensamiento basado en esquemas de razón-objeto), a la par que se propone una reformulación de la cuestión en términos procesuales, inspirada en la propuesta del emergentismo sistémico. Con ello, se pretende aportar un enfoque superador de un modelo intelectual que se estima obsoleto, a la par que se propicia una reflexión ética en torno a las consecuencias intelectuales ideológicas y prácticas devenidas de un sostenimiento artificioso del mismo en el ámbito de la ciencia.
For centuries, the understanding of conciousness has been one of the topic issues of intellectual development, and a context in which the different sociocultural, scientific, philosophical and ideological perceptions of the human being have been defined and redefined. Far from being a solved problem, it's a theme that, reformulated again and again in different fields and contexts, returns endlessly to the epicenter of intellectual discussion because it has, necessarily, trascendental epistemic and ethical consequences. This paper tries to show how such confrontation and its positions are fed by an "outdated" perception of the problem, when faced it from an essentialist perspective (encrypted on a model of thought based on reason-object schemes). Therefore is proposed a reformulation of the question in procedural terms inspired by the theory of systemic emergentism. So, it is intended to provide an overcoming approach to an intellectual model that is considered obsolete, while fostering an ethical reflection on the ideological intellectual consequences and practices derived from its artificial support in the field of Science.
A compreensão de consciência tem sido, durante séculos, um dos cavalos de batalha do tornar-se intelectual, no contexto em que se definiu e se redefiniu as diferentes percepções socioculturais, científicas, filosóficas e ideológicas do ser humano. Longe de se tratar de um problema superado, trata-se de uma questão que, reformulada uma ou outra vez, em distintos âmbitos e contextos, retorna ao epicentro do debate intelectual, dadas suas consequências epistêmicas e necessariamente éticas. Tratamos demonstrar neste trabalho como tal debate e suas posturas alimentam-se de uma percepção que se estima ser "antiquada" do problema, ao enfrenta-lo a partir de uma visão essencialista (codificada sobre um modelo de pensamento baseado em esquemas de razão-objeto), ao mesmo tempo em que se propõe uma reformulação da questão em termos processuais, inspirada na proposta do emergentismo sistêmico. Com isto, pretende-se aportar um enfoque que supera um modelo intelectual que se estima obsoleto, ao mesmo tempo em que se propicia uma reflexão ética em torno das consequências intelectuais ideológicas e práticas decorrentes de um apoio artificial do mesmo no âmbito da ciência.
Subject(s)
Philosophy , Conscience , Knowledge , ConsciousnessABSTRACT
The so-called 'Kirkbride Plan' is a type of mental institution designed by the American psychiatrist Thomas Story Kirkbride. The Kirkbride-design asylums were built from 1848 to the end of the nineteenth century. Their structural characteristics were subordinated to a certain approach to moral management: exposure to natural light, beautiful views and good air circulation. These hospitals used several architectural styles, but they all had a similar general plan. The popularity of the model decreased for theoretical and economic reasons, so many were demolished or reused, but at least 25 of the original buildings became protected places. Over the years, surrounded by a legendary aura, these buildings have become a leitmotif of contemporary popular culture: 'the asylum of terror'.
Subject(s)
Facility Design and Construction/history , Hospitals, Psychiatric/history , Mental Disorders/history , Psychiatry/history , Health Personnel/economics , Health Personnel/history , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Hospitals, Psychiatric/economics , Hospitals, Psychiatric/organization & administration , Humans , Mental Disorders/therapy , Motion Pictures , Occupational Therapy/history , United StatesABSTRACT
Alexithymia, as a theoretical psychotherapeutic construct, finds its origins in psychosomatic medicine, actually being quite old. However, beyond the specific observations and case studies, their characterization and systematization is relatively recent. However, from an epistemological point of view, it remains the subject of debate and therefore remains outside the conventional diagnostic guidelines. Possibly, its history, closely linked to psychoanalysis, as well as the lack of clear empirical references, has turned the alexithymia construct before into a good descriptive and comprehensive framework than in a precise diagnostic model. In this article it is, following the thread conduits of the historical perspective, to deepen these epistemological aspects.
ABSTRACT
El estado de las instituciones mentales mejoró progresivamente a lo largo del siglo XIX. Los cambios arquitectónicos impulsados por el Plan Kirkbride en Estados Unidos y los avances en diversos ámbitos y disciplinas motivaron que comenzara a tratarse al paciente de un modo más humano. No obstante, el debate en torno a las prácticas de internamiento en instituciones mentales y al tratamiento recibido por los pacientes nunca dejó de estar de actualidad. En este contexto se produjo el caso de la reportera Nellie Bly, que en 1887 se hizo pasar por loca a fin de ser ingresada en el hospital psiquiátrico neoyorquino de Blackwells Island. Las repercusiones mediáticas de su caso impulsaron diversas iniciativas reformistas por parte de las administraciones estadounidenses (AU)
The state of mental institutions gradually improved throughout the nineteenth century. The architectural changes promoted by the Kirkbride Plan in the United States and different advances in various fields and disciplines prompted a more humane way. However, the debate on detention practices in mental institutions and on the treatment received by patients never ceased to be present. This context witnessed the case of reporter Nellie Bly, who in 1887 simulated madness crazy in order to be admitted at the Psychiatric Hospital of Blackwells close to Island New York. The ensuing scandal and media coverage of her case prompted several reform initiatives by the US government (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Focus Groups/methods , Hospitals, Psychiatric/trends , Hospitals, Psychiatric/history , Neuropsychiatry/history , Psychotherapy/history , Psychotherapy/methods , Psychiatry/history , Psychiatry/trends , Neuropsychiatry/methods , Communications Media/standards , Psychotherapy/organization & administration , Psychotherapy/standardsABSTRACT
El trastorno de identidad disociativo (TID) puede considerarse un trastorno raro, dada su aparentemente baja prevalencia, pero en los últimos años se apunta a su posible infradiagnóstico a causa de su complejidad y de la confusión que puede haber a la hora de establecer el diagnóstico diferencial. Por otro lado, la simulación de psicopatología mental puede tener un gran impacto socioeconómico y jurídico, de especial relevancia en este tipo de trastorno, dada la gran incapacidad que genera y su complejidad diagnóstica. En este trabajo referiremos el caso de un paciente que ingresa en la unidad de hospitalización breve del Hospital Dr. Rodríguez Lafora (Madrid) con sintomatología depresiva, que posteriormente pareció evolucionar hacia un caso de TID. La evaluación consistió en una anamnesis psicológica y la aplicación del Inventario Semiestructurado de Simulación de Síntomas (SIMS) y del Inventario Clínico Multiaxial de Millon (MCMI-II). Los resultados mostraron un perfil claramente alterado de personalidad, así como una posible simulación de síntomas que impidieron concretar la existencia o inexistencia del TID. A la luz de los resultados se discuten las posibles implicaciones de este caso
The dissociative identity disorder (DID) can be considered a rare disorder because of its seemingly low prevalence. However, in recent years it points to the possible underdiagnosis because its complexity and confusion at the time of differential diagnosis. On the other hand, the malingering of mental psychopathology can have a major socio-economic and legal impact, particularly important in this type of disorder, given the inability it generates and its complex diagnostic. This paper refers the case of a patient admitted to the short-term hospitalization unit of Dr. Rodríguez Lafora Hospital (Madrid) with depressive symptoms. Then the patient seemed to become a TID case. The evaluation consisted of a psychological history and the application of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptoms (SIMS) and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-II). The results showed an altered personality profile as well as likely malingered symptoms, what prevented us from a DID diagnosis. In view of the results, possible implications of this case for the clinical setting are discussed
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Young Adult , Dissociative Identity Disorder/complications , Dissociative Identity Disorder/diagnosis , Dissociative Identity Disorder/psychology , Diagnosis, Differential , Dissociative Disorders/complications , Dissociative Disorders/diagnosis , Psychopathology/methods , Psychopathology/trends , Medical History Taking , Dissociative Disorders/psychology , Adjustment Disorders/complicationsABSTRACT
Clínica y Salud no sólo se ha convertido con el paso de los años en una publicación e referencia en el entorno de la psicología española sino que, a la vista de los datos que hemos podido recabar, y cuyo análisis se ofrece en este trabajo, es también una revista científica saludable y con un prometedor futuro. Ya parecía encontrarse en esta línea ascendente hace una década, momento en el que se realizó el primer estudio bibliométrico de la publicación que recogía la andadura de los siete primeros años de su existencia. En consecuencia, parecía pertinente comprobar ahora si aquellos primeros éxitos fueron un espejismo o el principio de la consolidación. Es precisamente al estudio y verificación de este hecho que dedicamos el presente trabajo de análisis bibliométrico esperando, asimismo, que sea útil para extraer conclusiones que permitan a Clínica y Salud, a su equipo editorial y a sus afines, continuar creciendo en el futuro (AU)
Clínica y Salud has not only become over the years a publication of reference in the context of Spanish psychology but also, in view of the data that we have collected and their analysis carried out in this article, a scientific journal with a healthy and promising future. This upward trend already seemed to be emerging a decade ago, when the first bibliometric study of the publication was made, dealing with the first seven years of its existence. Therefore, it seemed appropriate to check now if that early success was an illusion or really the beginning of a period of consolidation. Indeed, it is to studying and verifying this that we dedicate this bibliometric analysis. In this way we also hope that it will prove useful in order to draw conclusions and allow Clínica y Salud, its editorial team and all involved with the journal to continue growing in the future (AU)
Subject(s)
Periodicals as Topic/trends , Editorial Policies , Bibliometrics , 50088ABSTRACT
El suizo Pierre Bovet, más conocido por su labor institucional que por su trabajo científico, ha quedado oculto tras las grandes figuras que compartieron su espacio intelectual, Claparède y Piaget. Así, la historia recuerda a Bovet como cofundador del instituto J.J Roseau de Ginebra y miembro activo de gran cantidad de prestigiosas instituciones y revistas. Sin embargo, la aportación de Bovet al desarrollo de la psicopedagogía moderna ha sido muy relevante. Así, supieron verlo autores como el español Domingo Barnés, primer traductor de los escritos de Pierre Bovet a nuestro idioma. En este trabajo se realiza un primer análisis de esta aportación a través de una visión de las obras más emblemáticas de Bover: El instinto luchador y El sentimiento religioso y la psicología del niño.
The Swiss psychologist and educator Piere Bovet did important institutional and research work in Geneva School, although his name has been shadowed by this colleagues and friend E. Claparède and Piaget. His contributions to educational psychology are interesting and original, But he is today mainly known as one of the founders of the J.J Rosseau Institute of Geneva. In this article a general view is offered about his contributions to child Psychology, mainly through his books LInstinc Combatif and the Sentiment Religieux et la Psychologie de LEnfant, widely known among Spanish speaking educators thanks to the efforts of D. Barnés and other Spanish pedagogues formed in Geneva.
